This case study belongs to the prescribed subject: Rights and protest.

See also: Case study 2: Apartheid South Africa

Nature and characteristics of discrimination

Racially-Biased Institutions in the South

• Education System
• Police Force
• Judicial System

Jim Crow Laws

Jim Crow laws were state and local laws that enforced racial segregation in the Southern United States.

• Post-Reconstruction
• Congressional power faded after the aftermath of the Civil War
• Basically state laws of segregation
• Not technically against 14th Amendment

Truman Speech

In truman speech he says that:

• Jim Crow Laws are against the constitution
• It's Hypocritical to fight for democracy when African-Americans are oppressed
• federal government has duty to fight for their rights

Brown v Board of Education

Key Players Leading up to Trial

Charles Houston Hamilton was the chief of the NAACP’s legal team, and modified policy to target graduate schools, the highest level of education. He encountered a lot of racism towards African-Americans while fighting in WW1, which motivated him to fight. He led many of the legal challenges to the Jim Crow laws in regards to education prior to Brown v Board.

Walter White was a lawyer, member of the NAACP and prominent politician in New York, who worked under Truman. He was involved as the legal representative of the NAACP in many of the legal cases.

Justice Warren was seen as the most liberal and progressive Chief Judge in US history. He was three term governor of California. Appointed by Eisenhower, who later regretted it. He ruled over Brown v Board of Education II, as well as some other famous ones later on.

Dwight D Eisenhower disagreed with desegregation, and took as long as possible to respond and uninvolved himself - republican

Distinction between Brown I and Brown II

• Brown I turned over Plessy v Ferguson
• Brown II focused on specific wording, and emphasised implementation with all immediate speed.

Table of cases

States that disegrated vs resisted following B v B

Virginian Resistance to B v B:

• Gray Plan
• Stanley’s plan
• Allow desegregation in theory, but in practice no
• General Assembly employs policy of Massive Resistance
• A group of southern states actively working against federal state
• Uses state courts to resist
• Lack of state funding for integrated schools
• Placement of students in schools became state-run
• 2 governors who resisted
• Thomas B Stanley (-1956)
• James Lindsay Almond (1956-)
• Lack of Interposition

• The state takes control for change of thought

• Did not encourage change of thought among people
• So black students did not want to be segregated

• Southern Manifesto
• Freedom of choice of school was abolished
• Green vs New Kent County is an example of this

Protests and action

Montgomery Bus Boycotts (1955-7)

• 1 Dec - Rosa Parks
• 2 Dec - 
• 30 Jan - MLK home bombed
• 1 Feb - ED Nixon home bombed
• WCC breaks boycott, 90 leaders arrested on conspiracy charges
• April - Mayor Gale enforces segregation and arrests rebellious drivers
• 24 Dec - 5 white men attack 15-y-o girl
• 1 Jan, ‘57 - 2 homes and 4 churches bombed

Freedom Rides (1961)

Under JFK - Civil Right activists wanted to test him out

• He focused more on cold war, though
• Began with split between NAACP and Christian Co
• Gandhism - peaceful, not fighting back when beaten up

What were the rides?

• Rides organised by James Farmer
• Support from MLK and Martin Abernathy
• Bus traveled southwards, and faced more and more violence the further south it went
• Began in Washington DC
• 2 buses, Trailways and Greyhound Buses - 13 people, even mix

Media coverage

• Attacked at Birmingham, Alabama by KKK
• Montgomery, Alabama - man attacked
• National Guard sent in to protect riders
• Arrested in Jackson, Mississippi
• President made deal with Senator Eastland in Mississippi, leading to him giving arrests
• Riders refused to be bailed out, messing up Mississippi penal system
• Because of pressure of messed up Mississippi, Robert Kennedy passed bill through Interstate Commerce Commission banning segregated facilities

Freedom Summer (1964)

• Active KKK, in government systems
• White Citizens Council set here
• People trying to make change beaten and killed
• Bob Moses beaten in 1961, and beaters acquitted
• Government response
•  
• Freedom school system
  • 41 schools
  • 900 students
  • Aided them in passing literacy tests
• 3 freedom school volunteer teachers were murdered

Bob Moses

• Beaten in 1961
• Shot at in ‘63

Success or Not?

Voting rights act (1965)

Causes

• Voting problems, restrictions, led to lack of black voting registration
• Widespread television access led to more people informed

Protests

• SLCL led it
• Selma march
• Freedom Summer
• Anti-Alabama state trooper marches across the country

Resistance

• Forced Johnson to be a bit worried
• Goldwater, Johnson’s Texas rival
• “Bloody Sunday”  - State troopers stopped marchers from crossing Alabama River and beaten - all caught on TV cameras
• Democrats beaten up (like Carter’s son)

Impacts

• Johnson profited off this change in opinion to play Congress, and finally pass the bill

• Johnson lost black voters in the South
• Selma March beatings led to big media coverage and lots of people turning to pro-African stance
• Supreme Courts made decision 
• Overrode slow law process which meant more than half of Mississippi’s black population were registered within 2 years of the bill

What was the response to Bloody Sunday in March of 1965?

• Massive response in northern states, led to marches
• Lyndon Johnson appeared on television one week after the beating, expressing his outrage

Civil Rights Act, 1964

US federal government explained

• Congress: The main legislative body of the US that debates, amends and passes its bills.
  • Divided into Senate and House of Representatives elected by state. 2 senators per state, and House Representatives depend on population of state.
• Filibustering: Keep talking to prevent anything from happening.
• Veto: President can veto a bill unless there is a ⅔ majority vote in a second congress vote.

African American Rights 1964-68

• Despite south being desegregated, country as a whole, including north and west coast, still racist socially, if not legally
• Led to black frustration
• 1965 Civil Unrest in Watt, Los Angeles, despite what MLK propagated - 35 people dead

CHICAGO, 1965

• Jesse Jackson
• Important civil rights leader in Chicago specifically
• 1965, MLK and SCLC visit Chicago to encourage use of non-violence, a quarter black city (with big wealth divide by race)
  • Chicago Freedom Movement used non-violent protest against Daley
  • Setback: The mayor could cut funding of districts like *that* He had a big influence. Every time King raised a problem (like dirty places) he cleaned up the place to cover everything up. Therefore, he had a good public image
  • Rioting over water - and further riots due to police response, especially among young African Americans, killing 2 people
  • Mayor blames riots on SCLC movement
  • Transformed districts from all white to all black
  • Basically segregation
  • White retaliation, strong provocative white response - burning cars, beatings, etc.
  • Persuaded blacks to be less non-violent
  • Agreement reached between protesters and city officials, to open housing to blacks on condition of calling off the Cicero March
    • Decided to march in anyway, without the SCLC and Jackson
  • Divided blacks - King’s less radical negotiators vs radicals who still wanted to march in Cicero
  • Cicero meant a lot to radicals and didn’t think the negotiation would be upheld, while moderates saw the agreement as a first step
  • 250 marched on Cicero, and 3000 law enforcers on hand
  • Led to fighting on street between blacks and whites
  • Achieved little
  • Failed to get support in other cities and from northern officials
  • Left the Chicagan blacks riled up and leaderless
  • Was seen as most reasonable force to negotiate with for northern state governments
  • Brought attention to issues
  • No real integration
• Faced resistance from existing establishment, like Mayor Daley, the strong-willed and tyrannical mayor who publicly accepted King, but did not cooperate with King
• Anti-slum campaign (“War on Slums”) in Chicago, to combat large black slums in Chicago
• City Hall March - MLK Freedom Rally in 1966 in Chicago to the city hall with list of demands
• Real estate agencies used fear to make whites move out of houses at low prices, and sell the same houses at high prices to blacks, in order to make a profit - refused to sell white houses to blacks - unfair housing
• Blacks marched in white neighbourhoods
• March on Cicero, a famously hostile white neighbourhood in Chicago, announced by Jesse Jackson
• Results
• Northern officials trying to subvert conflict, as opposed to propagate it

DETROIT, 1967

• Causes
  • Traveled in groups of four, called “Big Four”
  • Penalised blacks
  • Police tension
• Transport industries and building projects disrupted black communities
• 95% white police force
• Built up tensions
• Tensions Exploded in Rioting (in the Long, Hot Summer of ‘67)
• Police raid on an illegal black after hours club, led to blacks throwing stones at police cars
• Blacks began looting and burning, and police called backup
• Moderate blacks tried to negotiate
• All sort of random buildings and cars caught in crossfire
• Looting and burning
• Government Involvement
  • Indiscriminately searched and arrested black people
  • 3 innocent black people killed by police
  • Prisons overflowing
• Gov. Romney called in Michigan National Guard to deal with rioters
• Johnson sent in 101st and 87th Airborne Divisions with unloaded guns
• Results
  • Recommended investment in a billion dollar agency to bring down poverty
  • Recommended fair housing (led to Fair Housing Act of ‘68)
  • But Johnson didn’t follow up on commission, due to Vietnam distraction
  • Led to black nationalism
• Lasted 5 days
• 43 people killed (33 were black)
• 7,200 people arrested
• 2,000 buildings destroyed
• Johnson called the Kerner Commission in 1968, which investigated black conditions and why they rioted (wanted to profile the rioters)
• Johnson decided not to associate the rioters with the Civil Rights movement

LOS ANGELES, 1965

• Causes
• Tension between blacks and police
• Failing schools
• Little access to public transport
• Overcrowding (650,000 blacks, largely in Southeast LA)
• Results
• 34 people killed
• 3000 people arrested

CLEVELAND, 1966 (Hough Riots)

• Causes
• Poverty
• Racism
• At the time, they said black nationalism and communism
• Results
• 4 people killed
• 275 people arrested

Carl Stokes

• Blacks in cities
• 15 million blacks living in cities
• More opportunity
• Cleveland ⅓ black
• Increasingly used their right to vote to make change on a government level
• Carl Stokes elected as mayor of Cleveland in 1967
  • Father died when he was 2
  • Dropped out of high school
  • Fought in WW2
  • Resolved tensions between blacks and whites in Cleveland
  • Quote: "I went into every white home that would let me in there and every hall that would have me.”
  • Opened more jobs for blacks
  • Expanded public housing
  • Reorganised the police
  • Riots of ‘68 damaged his message
• Great-grandson of a slave, beat the grandson of a president in the running
• Came from a poor background
• Successes as mayor
• Failures
• Inspired blacks everywhere to run for office

Key Figures to explore further

• Martin Luther King
• Jesse Jackson
• Carl Stokes
• Malcom X
• Floyd McKissick
• Stokely Carmichael
• James Meredith

Black Power and Black Nationalism (1966-1975)

• Successes

• Thousands involved, eg. the March Against Fear
• Everywhere in culture, created own unique “black” culture which is still engrained today
• Black Panthers gained international attention
• Shoe and coat giveaways
• Education programs

• Failures

• Lost most of its leadership by the mid 70s
• Lost most of its membership by the end of the 70s

Black Nationalism Characteristics

• Non-integrationist (pan-Africanism)
• Distrust for white Americans in power
• Empowerment
• Own national identity developed
• Based of Islam (non-western)
• More politically active
• Voting
• Violence
• Rioting
• Black Panthers
• Youth involvement
• University students

Groups and Individuals

• Malcolm X
• Anti-white speaker
• Wrote very prolifically in pro-black newspapers
• Increased membership of the NOI significantly (300 to 50,000)
• Seen as an icon - did not change his mind, and therefore was steadfast

• The Hate That Hate Produced documentary in 1959 said he was extreme

• NOI (Nation of Islam)
  • Had to follow Muslim doctrine and rules
  • “I charge the white man with being the greatest liar on earth!” speech in reaction to The Hate That Hate Produced
• Muslim identity
• Anti-white separatism
• Anti-government
• Elijah Muhammad
• Louis Farrakhan
• Appealed to northern ghetto-dwellers
• Stokely Carmichael, a big name in Black Power
• James Meredith
• Floyd McKissick
• Black Panthers
• Huey Newton
• Bobby Seale
• Eldridge Cleaver
• SNCC
• Split between radicals and moderates (SNCC and SCLC)
• Stands for Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
• Investigation by FBI
• Due to violence, Nixon administration and fear of extremism

Problems in Northern Cities

• Red-lining
• Racism in selling of real estate
• Meant segregated districts
• Poor living conditions for blacks
• Poor relations with police
• Brutality
• Led to RIOTING!!

• Detroit
• Chicago
• Cleveland
• Los Angeles

Also integration vs separatism

Also both led important organisations

Also both not supported entirely by their groups (or even in part, in some cases)

Perspectives:

Clayborne Carson - the Black Power and Civil Rights movement are the same

Adam Fairclough - whites also very involved in Civil Rights movement

Steven F Lawson - government involvement was crucial

Essay Points to Make

The rise of radical African American activism (‘65-8) damaged the efforts of MLK to achieve racial equality in the US.

(to what extent do I agree with that)

• Intro
• Clayborne Carson - the Black Power and Civil Rights movement are the same
• 3 themes
• Aims (clear and legal vs social and harder to achieve)
  • Social and economic movement more important in that respect
  • Mass movement (300k members of NOI, etc)
• NAACP court clear changes
• But all very well making legal changes, it does not gain equality
• Role of violence alienating whites (but comment on the good things groups like the Black Panthers did
  • Rioting
  • Black Panthers seen as extreme
  • King was admittedly still seen as radical by white standards
  • FBI investigation
  • Johnson called it “criminal”
• Alienating white populace
• Alienating government
• Split Civil Rights movement, but all for same goal
  • Still seen as very extreme
  • Still all working towards the same goal, so nah
• King and more moderate blacks
• But Panthers did provide good things like a free breakfast program
• Conclusion: Role of Johnson administration

Feminism in the Americas (1945-2000)

Suffrage Six Examples

• 1918 Canada
• 1920 USA
• 1934 Cuba
• 1947 Argentina
• 1949 Chile
• 1961 Paraguay

US AND CANADA

Causes

• Social discrimination

• WW2 women in the workforce - 1939/41 - 45
• Post 1945 - Baby Boom, 8.2 million babies - traditional roles remained

• Legal discrimination
• Head-and-Master Rule law - prior wealth and property distributed 50-50 between husband and wife when married, regardless of wealth of both before, and husband made decisions relating to property of wife
• Political discrimination
• Women in Congress under 20 prior to 2nd feminist wave, to over 50 by the end of it
• Individual activity
• Challenged existing patriarchal values

Statistics

• 38% of women worked, mainly as nurses, teachers, secretaries
• 6% of doctors were women
• 3% of lawyers ditto
• 1% of engineers ditto

Kennedy set up Commission on Status of Women

Formation of NOW (National Organisation for Women)

• Betty Friedan president of NOW
• Moderate
• Published the Feminine Mystique
• Germaine Greer
• Radical
• Wrote Female Eunuch
• Believed women should be liberated from men

• Kennedy, 1961 - President’s Commission on the Status of Women under Eleanor Roosevelt
• 1964 - ban on sex discrimination in the workplace, but not included in the Civil Rights Act (to compromise with hardline conservatives)
• Equal Rights Amendment, 1972 - passed through Congress, but failed to be ratified by state legislators by 2 votes
• Influenced by the media
• Vietnam argument: they would need to draft women, too
• 1973 - Roe vs Wade, abortion was legalised by liberal Supreme Court on a constitutional, national level, as long as it is within the first 3 months of infancy
• 1975 - UN declared International Women’s year

8 women in Congress from ‘47-‘49

34 women in Congress in ‘91-‘93

• Including Nancy Pelosi

Resistance

• Reagan administration
• Broke feminist agenda
• End of Second Wave

USA PSE impacts

Social

Pro

Abolishment of Head and Master rule, 1979 with Louisiana being the last to repeal.

Roe vs Wade legalised abortion

Con

The Concerned Women for America protested against feminism and wanted to enforce traditional roles

Economic

Pro

More women going into education - as many men with a university degree as men today in the US

Lilly Ledbetter 

Con

“Glass ceiling” - women earning 59.7% of men’s wages in ‘71

Cuba PSE impacts

Political

Pro

Equal no. of women to men in government by 2006

Con

Only 16% in government in 1990 - took a long time for change to come

Social

Pro

Cuban Family Code 1975 outlawing sexist attitudes

Con

Traditional values still existed in private, if not in public, and came out with regime’s collapse

Economic

Pro

1975 Cuban Family Code gave 6 weeks paid maternity leave and 1 year job security

Con

Pro-female imbalance (women worked 22.28h a week, while men only 4.52h) - forced many women who did not want to work to do so

Argentina PSE impacts

Political

Pro

Abolishment of Head and Master rule, 1979 with Louisiana being the last to repeal.

Con

The Concerned Women for America protested against feminism and wanted to enforce traditional roles

Social

Pro

Abolishment of Head and Master rule, 1979 with Louisiana being the last to repeal.

Con

The Concerned Women for America protested against feminism and wanted to enforce traditional roles

Economic

Pro

More women going into education - as many men with a university degree as men today in the US

Con

“Glass ceiling” - women earning 59.7% of men’s wages in ‘71

Differences between US and Argentina

• Political: Argentina’s 2nd wave dealt with suffrage first, while the USA’s was socio-economic due to suffrage already having been achieved
• Changes only happened due to Peron’s legislative changes in Argentina, as opposed to bottom-up movement, so he could gain women’s support in the elections, while the US is bottom-up

Differences between US and Cuba

• Top-down legislative change in Cuba, so they could aid the revolution, while US more grassroots-y and bottom-up movement
• Mass-killings in 

Similarities Between All Three

• All had positive changes for women over the 2nd Wave

FEMINISM ESSAY TEMPLATE

• Introduction
• Context
• Thesis
• Map out arguments
• Conclusion
• Evaluate arguments (perspectives)
• Bring together mini-conclusions
• Something thoughtful to end

YOUTH AND POPULAR CULTURE, 1960s and 70s

Music

Examples:

• The Who, My Generation
• About how his generation is soopa liberal and misunderstood
• Jimi Hendrix, Machine Gun
• Anti-‘Nam

Hippies, dude

Liberal drugs and sex

SHOCKING new clothes

Abortion rights cos of all that free sex

Groovy black rights and scandalous media

Anti-‘Nam stuff

Political influence on movement:

• Castro and Guevara in Cuba, anti-government
• Kennedy served as figurehead for young people
• Free Speech, especially in universities

Free Speech - political

• Berkeley University wanted free speech
• CAUSES: HUAC cracking down on “communism”, particularly in universities
• METHODS: Sit-ins in university
• RESISTANCE: Governor Reagan of California and FBI
• KEY FIGURE: Mario Savio

Demographics - social

• Baby Boom
  • No focus on war, more time for education
  • Also, no taste for war, and lots of PACIFISM
  • College enrollment increased eightfold
  • 35% of students were young people
• Birthrate exploded post-WW2
• All grown to teenagers and young adults by 60s, and led to many more people in that generation
• More people going to university

SDS - Students for a Democratic Society

• Pacifist
• Anti-Vietnam
• Social liberal
  • Rosenberg Trial
• Communist sympathies
• Opposed HUAC
• Supported Civil Rights movement
• Fracture and decline
• Broke up into smaller groups fighting to outdo one another
• Some more conservative, some more radical

500,000 people protest

Canada Youth Movement

Similarities Between Canada and the US

• Similarities
  • Trudeau legalised homosexuality
  • Very liberal “Trudeaumania”
  • 47% of students in uni were women by 1980
• Demographic shift to youth due to Baby Boom
• Strong presidential figures: Trudeau and Kennedy
• Music involved in counter-culture like Joni Mitchell
• Socialism and liberalism
• More women in education
• Differences
• New Left groups were anti-American influence
• Quebecois independence movement - Quiet Revolution - in Canada
• Less conservative response

Hispanic Rights

Migration to the US

• Causes:
  • Jobs
  • Guatemala
• Violence
• Quality of life
• Economic opportunity
• Corruption
• Dictatorships
• Persecution
• Natural disasters
• Migration examples:
  • 300,000 PRs
  • Cheap labour offered to PRs in WW1
  • Settled in big cities
  • 200,000 Cubans migrated
  • Settled in Florida
  • Tens of thousands of Guatemalans, Nicaraguans and Salvadorians
  • Led to backlash
  • Mexicans in annexed states became American
  • Mexican migration to central states
  • Great Depression
  • 500,000 - 2 million Mexicans expelled
  • Mexicans brought in for labour with Bracero Program
  • Many more migrated every year following WW2
  • Encouraged for agricultural labour
• Political and economic unrest in Puerto Rico, 1800s
• Cuban Revolution
• Central American Wars of 70s and 80s (part of Cold War)
• Mexican-American War
• Mexican Revolution, 1917
• Post WW1

Political impacts

• Limitations
• Lack of Hispanic representation in Congress
• Bill Clinton Immigrant Responsibility laws 1996
• Reagan demonised Hispanics in election campaign
• Advances
• Representation - Ileana Ros-Lehtinen

IMPORTANT - Causes and Effects of Protest

• Causes
  • Discrimination due to documentation
  • Not same access
  • Racism by teachers
  • Many Hispanics did not go to school
  • Hispanics in cities - soldier was their best opportunity
  • More Hispanics and normal Americans killed in Vietnam
  • Rose in mid-70s
  • Particularly prevalent during republican presidential terms
  • Social norm
• Poor pay for farm work
• Education
• Chavez: “The American Dream is a lie.”
• Vietnam War
• Discriminatory media
• Protests
  • 4 people killed by police
• 1970 anti-Vietnam protests
• Impacts
• More Hispanics in universities
• Latino contribution to GDP (trillions in 2009)

KEY FIGURE - CESAR CHAVEZ

• Mexican immigrant
• Organisation: NFWA (National Farm Workers Association)
• Later United Farm Workers (UFW) 1966
• Advancements
  • National boycott of grape farming - 17 million people - 1965 to 70
  • Lots of labour contracts achieved in 60s, many of them expired
  • Move towards industrialisation and urban areas more important
• Agricultural worker conditions in California
• Did not make massive change

KEY GROUP - BROWN BERETS

• Mexican student group
• Political self-determination
• Fight police brutality, inequality in education and healthcare - also anti-Vietnam
• Branches all over the US in cities
• Communication with Black Panthers - more radical
• Chicano ideology
• Promoted Machismo - female involvement is low
• Hispanic pride
• Lots of events including walk-outs, clinics
• Aim for union of Hispanics peoples

KEY GROUP - YOUNG LORDS ORGANISATION

• Young Puerto Ricans group
• In the cities - Chicago, New York
• Better conditions - street clean up 1970
• Became more socialist
• Dismantled by FBI in the end

KEY INDIVIDUAL - DOLORES HUERTA

• Agricultural aims like Chavez
• Organised boycotts
• Non-violent
• Achieved Agricultural Labour Restrictions Act of 1975
• Worked with Clinton

KEY FIGURE - REIES TIJERINA

• Extremist leader, led Alianza Federal de Pueblos Libres
• Land ownership equality
• New Mexico, protest 1966

INDIGENOUS RIGHTS MOVEMENTS

Guatemala

• Background history
  • Spanish colonials upper class
  • Native peoples lower class
  • United Fruit Company had monopoly
  • Supported by US
  • US 1 million dollar “loan” to reduce taxes on UFCO
  • Made social-democratic reforms
  • Agrarian reforms
  • Survived 25 military coup attempts
  • Literacy reforms, improved wages 8%, Law of Forced Rental meant unused UFCO land could be rented to peasants (peasants could own land!)
  • Aims
  • Economic independence
  • Establish of modern capitalist state
  • Increase standard of living
  • Methods
  • Decree 900 - land redistribution for equality
  • Confiscated lots of UFCO’s unused land, and paid $625,000 in compensation
  • Resistance
  • US demanded $15 million, and when he refused they charged Arbenz’s regime with communism
  • US embargoed Guatemala and CIA backed Castillo
  • Undid all recent democratic reforms
  • Purged opposition - 5,000 people killed, 72,000 imprisoned
  • Literacy test for voting implemented, limiting democracy
  • Dictators remained anti-communist pro-US to stay in power
• Spanish colony
• 1839 Independence
• 1844-65 Rafael Carrera, dictator
• 1931-44 General Jorge Ubico
• 1945-51 Juan Jose Arevalo
• 1951-54 Jacobo Arbenz
• 1954-56 Colonel Carlos Castillo
• 1956-onwards - String of dictators
• Methods of discrimination
  • Cheap labour by Hispanic (Crillo) landowners
  • Inferior healthcare
  • General Efrain Rios Montt’s regime 1982-3 - mass murder against Mayans
  • 2% of criollo landowners owned 72% of land around WW2
  • United Fruit Company owned rest of land
• 87% in poverty in 90s
• 50% infant mortality in 90s
• Mayans massacred by army in early 1980s
• Land ownership inequality
• Key events
  • Soviet-backed Mayan rebels against military regime
  • Human rights abuses
  • US supported regime monetarily, lengthening war
  • Death squads in rural areas killed hs of ks
  • 50,000 deaths
  • After attempt to impose authoritarian regime
  • Wave of protests
  • UN and US criticise Guatemala for HR abuses
• 1960-66 Civil War
• 1966-76
• 1970-1996 big rights abuses
• 1970s - Military rulers programme to eliminate left-wingers
• 1981 - 11,000 people killed by death squads and soldiers
• 1993 - Serrano forced to resign
• 1993 - Ramiro de Leon Carpio elected president by the legislature
• 1995 - Rebels declare a ceasefire
• Key groups and people
  • Mayan guerilla army
  • Formed 1960
  • Resources away from local populations
  • Low wages
  • Reliance on US company from locals
  • Deals with government - led to corruption
• UNRG (Guatemalan National Revolutionary Movement)
• United Fruit Company
• Opposition
  • Army in charge
  • Not even politicians had control over army
  • Army generals powerful
• Military dictatorship
• US involvement in 70s and 80s
  • Congress stopped him from sending military aid
• Carter stopped all aid to Guatemala
• Reagan sent $38.8 million aid in 1983

• In total:

• 150,000 killed

• 200,000 displaced

• 40,000 missing

How to write a good paper 3

• Intro
• Small amount of context and facts, lots of impact analysis
• Road map
• More direct outline - impact on actions of key individuals within the Civil Rights movement, not just impact on key individuals
• Include key dates
• Outline successes and failures
• Body
• Begin with answer to paragraph - the impacts and successes or failures
• PEE format
• Use historical perspectives from sources and textbook authors
• Link back to question at the end
• Conclusion
• Use mini-conclusion links to help write final conclusion
• Evaluate perspectives - impact on individuals and groups

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